The following is a 28:30 minute video that I believe we all, as Christians, should take the time to consider. This gives you essential information to considering the situation as things currently stand among, especially, American Christianity.
3rd Declension Greek Case Ending Practice (3 – 3)
Below is a simple 3-3 chart that appears blank for practicing the 3rd declension.
Mentally fill in the blank spaces and check your answers by looking at the chart below this one.
3(M/F) |
3(N) |
|
| NS | ||
| GS | ||
| DS | ||
| AS | ||
| NP | ||
| GP | ||
| DP | ||
| AP |
If you don’t recall the abbreviations used in the left column, they are as follows:
NS = nominative singular, GS = genitive singular, DS = dative singular, AS = assusative singular
NP = nominative plural, GS = genitive pl.,… & so on.
Check against the chart below to see how you did.
3(M/F) |
3(N) |
|
| NS | ς | — |
| GS | ος | ος |
| DS | ι | ι |
| AS | α/ν | — |
| NP | ες | α |
| GP | ων | ων |
| DP | σι(ν) | σι(ν) |
| AP | ας | α |
Recommended Videos on the Reformation
The following are videos I personally found useful and informative on the Protestant Reformation. Find these below for your own use and enjoyment.
This first one is about 15 minutes long and gives a good overview.
Here’s a more lengthy documentary involving Luther and the Protestant Reformation:
I don’t agree with absolutely everything in this documentary (like calling Catholicism Christian) but much of it is right on.
Systematic Theology
Dictionary.com
Systematic
- having, showing, or involving a system, method, or plan: a systematic course of reading; systematic efforts.
- given to or using a system or method; methodical: a systematic person.
- arranged in or comprising an ordered system: systematic theology.
- concerned with classification: systematic botany.
- pertaining to, based on, or in accordance with a system of classification: the systematic names of plants.
Theology
See the following: Theology Part 1, Part 2, Part 3
Etymonline.com
1670s, “pertaining to a system,” from French systématique or directly from Late Latin systematicus, from Greek systematikos “combined in a whole,” from systema (genitive systematos); see system. From 1789 as “methodical,” often in a bad sense, “ruthlessly methodical.” Related: Systematical (1660s); systematically.
Discussion/Explanation
From Google’s dictionary:
“noun: systematic theology – a form of theology in which the aim is to arrange religious truths in a self-consistent whole.”
This fairly well gets at the gist of this area of study. The point is not to represent the theology of the Bible as a redemptive whole (which is more the realm of Biblical Theology) but to connect things together from the various books of the Bible.
This area of study is much more preoccupied with organizing the information of the Bible into various categories. It is through such efforts that you get subareas like angelology, demonology, pneumatology (study of the Holy Spirit), eschatology (study of the end times, and so on. It addresses individual topics one by one.
It is considered systematic in that it links the various pieces of information found throughout the Scriptures on the particular topic together.
Systematic theology is also one of the main four branches of theology which include exegetical theology, practical theology, and historical theology.
Practical Theology
Dictionary.com
Practical
adjective
- of or relating to practice or action:
practical mathematics. - consisting of, involving, or resulting from practice or action:
a practical application of a rule. - of, relating to, or concerned with ordinary activities, business, or work:
a habitual dreamer, who can’t be bothered with practical affairs. - adapted or designed for actual use; useful:
practical instructions. - engaged or experienced in actual practice or work:
a practical politician credited with much legislation. - inclined toward or fitted for actual work or useful activities:
looking for a practical person to fill this position. - mindful of the results, usefulness, advantages or disadvantages, etc., of action or procedure.
- matter-of-fact; prosaic.
- being such in practice or effect; virtual:
Her promotion to manager is a practical certainty. - Theater. practicable(def 3).
Theology
Etymonline.org
Practical
early 15c., practicale “of or pertaining to matters of practice; applied,” with -al (1) + earlier practic(adj.) “dealing with practical matters, applied, not merely theoretical” (early 15c.), or practic (n.) “method, practice, use” (late 14c.). In some cases directly from Old French practique (adj.) “fit for action,” earlier pratique (13c.) and Medieval Latin practicalis, from Late Latin practicus “practical, active,” from Greek praktikos “fit for action, fit for business; business-like, practical; active, effective, vigorous,” from praktos “done; to be done,” verbal adjective of prassein, prattein “to do, act, effect, accomplish.”
Practical joke “trick played on someone for the sake of a laugh at his expense” is from 1771 (earlier handicraft joke, 1741).
Theology
mid-14c., “the science of religion, study of God and his relationship to humanity,” from Old French theologie “philosophical study of Christian doctrine; Scripture” (14c.), from Latin theologia, from Greek theologia “an account of the gods,” from theologos “one discoursing on the gods,” from theos “god” (from PIE root *dhes-, forming words for religious concepts) + -logos “treating of” (see -logy). Meaning “a particular system of theology” is from 1660s.
Discussion/Explanation
Here we have a two-word term once more which requires looking at each word individually. We have looked at the term theology before such that the focus now will be on what practical means in this context.
In practical theology, we see much of the use we see in the first several definitions given from Dictionary.com. To be more specific, practical theology involves the study of the application of theological insights. It involves what we’ve learned from God’s Word, the Scriptures, lived out and practiced in our daily lives.
This area of study includes several sub-areas of study just as the other main branches of theology do. These include pastoral studies, homiletics, Christian education, ethics, church duties, and more.
Greek Case Ending Practice (2-1-2)
Below is a simple 2-1-2 chart that appears blank.
Mentally fill in the blank spaces and check your answers by highlighting that box or boxes to see the hidden answer.
| 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| NS | ος | α / η | ον |
| GS | ου | ας / ης | ου |
| DS | ῳ | ᾳ / ῃ | ῳ |
| AS | ον | αν / ην | ον |
| NP | οι | αι | α |
| GP | ων | ων | ων |
| DP | οις | αις | οις |
| AP | ους | ας | α |
If you don’t recall the abbreviations used in the left column, they are as follows:
NS = nominative singular, GS = genitive singular, DS = dative singular, AS = assusative singular
NP = nominative plural, GS = genitive pl.,… & so on.
If the above is difficult for you to read, check against the chart below.
| 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| NS | ος | α / η | ον |
| GS | ου | ας / ης | ου |
| DS | ῳ | ᾳ / ῃ | ῳ |
| AS | ον | αν / ην | ον |
| NP | οι | αι | α |
| GP | ων | ων | ων |
| DP | οις | αις | οις |
| AP | ους | ας | α |
This practice includes the connected vowel.
A Woman’s Conduct – 1 Timothy 2:9-15 (Part 2)
[Begin Part 2]
In the previous post, we dealt with verses 9 to 10 from 1 Timothy 2. In this post, we move onto verses 11-15.
If you haven’t read Part 1 yet, go back and do so now as it sets the stage for what comes next.
Once again, context is important whether it be cultural, historical, etc., we must consider such things in order to understand the message most clearly and concisely. Just as in our day there are stereotypes, stereotypes existed back at the time of writing 1 Timothy as well.
In those times, females were considered inferior academically and education systems were set up for men. This was true in both Greek culture of the time as well as Jewish. With these things in mind…
“A woman must quietly receive instruction with entire submissiveness.” (v. 11)
This statement was revolutionary. Paul writes that women are to learn as well. Women are, after all, created in the image of God just as much as men and should therefore reflect that Godliness, that Christ-likeness alongside men. You do this best by learning more about God and growing closer to Him through it such that you inevitably reflect Christ-likeness to those around you.
Earlier in 1 Timothy 2 and here Paul uses the term translated in most versions to “quietly” to describe the manner for receiving instruction. In the Greek, this term is referring to respect and not silence. This carries over into the term of “submissiveness” which refers “to arrange yourself in rank under” in the Greek. This sort of action is a willful decision and not something anyone is given the right to force upon the woman. Again, if it is her intent to follow God, she is to show this intent through her actions and to do so by her own will. This passage is speaking specifically to women in the church but elsewhere in the Scriptures we find that all followers are called to do likewise before the God-ordained leadership of the church.
In verse 12…
“But I do not allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over a man, but to remain quiet.”
This has got to be one of the most controversial parts of this passage.
I think the sermon linked below words this quite well so I will quote:
“This command by Paul is not a prohibition against women teaching in the church, nor is it a prohibition from general instruction in the Bible. It is, however, a prohibition againsts women authoritatively proclaiming God’s Word in the context of the public worship of the Church.”
What does this mean? Remember that the context here is in reference to corporate worship. The context indicates that this prohibition is meant for the confines of corporate worship. It is not saying the prohibition should go beyond corporate worship. If it did, there would be clear conflicts then with other areas of Scriptures in which women were recorded teaching men various things about the faith – all of which took place outside corporate worship.
Official instruction in corporate worship is set for people like Paul and the elders of the church. In fact, we see Pauls talk about the elders in the very next chapter.
One of the distinctions of verse 12 is in the apect surrounding “teach”. It isn’t speaking of all teaching activities. Specifically in the Greek, it is written in the present infinitive which translates “to be a teacher”. Taken in the context of the rest of the verse we see this means a woman is not to hold a position of an authoritative teacher over a man in corporate worship. I want to note that this isn’t saying anyting about a woman’s ability.
“For it was Adam who was first created, and then Eve. And it was not Adam who was deceived, but the woman being deceived, fell into transgression. But women will be preserved through the bearing of children if they continue in faith and love and sanctity with self-restraint.” (vv. 13-15)
That “For” at the beginning of verse 13 is just like a “because” which tells you that what comes next refers to what came before – verse 12. Verse 13 begins the rationale Paul gives for verse 12. In it we, see Paul going back to creation.
I think it’ll be best to lay this out in points to make it easier to follow. Here we go:
- “For it was Adam who was first created,” is not a mark of superiority in Adam but it is a point about being the first born – a position that has always carried with it spiritual responsibility within the family. Paul is refering to the created order in humanity before the fall had even taken place. In this we see Adam was created to be the head and Eve his helpmate. It was adam, therefore, who was given spiritual headship and authority, not Eve.
- After this first bit, the focus shifts to mostly Eve; however, Paul is not blaming Eve here for the fall. We should pay particular attention to the word “deceived” here.
- Eve was clearly deceived here.
- Adam was not deceived meaning he transgressed fully aware of what he was doing!
- Adam’s failure makes it all the more clear why God went to him rather than Eve after what had happened in the garden. Not only was he supposed to be the spiritual head but he knowingly transgressed God’s rule.
- “Eve stepped out from under the protection and leadership of Adam and Adam violated his leadership role and followed Eve.” – from the linked sermon
- Nowhere is it said that women are some how lesser or inferior in intelligence or capability in this passage.
- Verse 15 isn’t trying to suggest that women are somehow saved through childbirth. Not only does the original text not support the idea, but it doesn’t make any sense in light of the rest of Scripture where we know that salvation comes through God’s grace and by faith in Jesus Christ.
- Women have a distince role that only they can play: motherhood.
- It is through women that children are brought into the world and this includes those who would be devout followers of God.
- It is also through women that the most righteous seed would come forth, Jesus Christ.
- As a result, “…women would have the privelege of leading the race out of sin to godliness.” – quoted from near the end of the linked sermon
As you can see, things aren’t always what they may first appear. You have to be diligent and look carefully as to what is and isn’t said. Context, of all kinds, must also be considered in order to accurately understand what is written in its original environment and how it would have been received by the people it was written too originally. Many of us have done this very same exercise in our English, history, and reading classes growing up. I recommend being consistent and to do the same in the Scriptures.
If you have any questions, please listen to the sermon first. What I have written here is in large part a summary of key points. There are more examples and further explanation in the message. Just click the “here” link below to be taken to the page to hear it for yourself.
This post is based upon notes & study connected to a spoken message that can be found here.
A Woman’s Conduct – 1 Timothy 2:9-15 (Part 1)
There are many things misunderstand by the world when they glance at the Scriptures. 1 Timothy 2:9-15 is no different. Even followers of Christ have been known to misinterpret such a passage. This face emphasizes all the more the need for careful study of any text – especially every inch of the Bible!
In verse 9-15 we see a call for women to not make themselves a distraction in the church. To be clear, we are talking about within church gatherings and functions – especially worship times.
“I want women to adorn themselves with proper clothing, modestly and discreetly, not with braided hair and gold or pearls or costly garments,” (v. 9)
When we look into the original Greek it was written and the context, we see a few things:
- This is a command. Not a suggestion or opinion. The command goes to each individual woman and not some sort of external “fashion police”.
- “adorn” comes from the Greek word kosmeo. It is the same word cosmetics comes from. It encompasses not only clothing but the entire person – the whole look as well as demeanor.
- “modestly and discreetly”. Modest specifically has sexual overtones. The idea is to avoid dressing in seductive or suggestive ways in the worship of God. This includes how she carries herself. “discreet” is aimed at being self-controlled such that she isn’t flaunting her sexuality.
- The overall idea here is not to institute a bunch of external rules but that a woman in public worship would cultivate a heart that exemplifies a personal intent to not draw others away from the true point of being at the public worship – to glorify God in worship.
- The remaining points about hair and jewelry has a cultural element. We must not forget that the original Greek letter was written to a particular audience. In those times, elaborately braided hair was a way to show off to people that a woman could afford what was commonly considered an extravagant luxury. Even in our own culture today, there would be counterparts to such a practice as you think about it. The same goes for the costly garments and jewelry. It was common then to dress up in such things when you wanted to flaunt your wealth in those times – not something that is beneficial in a worship time. Committing to such elaborate actions would be a clear sign of vanity.
- The passage also speaks to the practices of prostitutes who would also deliberately dress and decorate themselves in ways to draw attention to themselves. Not a manner one should emulate when the point is to gather to worship God.
Following on the heels is verse 10:
“but rather by means of good works, as is proper for women making a claim to godliness.“
Intent of the heart flows out into one’s actions. A woman following after God will make clear such intent in her actions resulting in good works that ultimately point back to the God that has influenced their heart to act so.
No where is this passage saying women cannot wear nice things to church, have nice hair, or wear jewelry. The core, the chief point is the intent of the heart and the actions that flow out of this. This will naturally include a cultural sensitivity to the norms the people of the gathering are most accustomed in the surrounding culture to gauge what would be excessive. In my mind, what would be considered typically great to look like at prom wouldn’t be a good idea for church worship (as an example).
On the points of culture, no where do I intend to suggest that culture should trump Scripture. In what has been said so far, the point was to bring attention and understanding to the context of the audience Paul was writing to in 1 Timothy. This context helps us to understand the reason for why the particular words were stated in this letter as they were. It would be no different today. We see politicians deliberately ripping what opponents have said out of the original context in order to twist the original meaning to their own ends. Considering the context of any particular passage in Scripture helps us to ensure we avoid twisting the original meaning of the text as it was written and reading the Greek helps all the more with this.
Continue onto Part 2.
A Woman’s Conduct – 1 Timothy 2:9-15 (Part 1)
Clergy
Dictionary.com
- the group or body of ordained persons in a religion, as distinguished from the laity.
Etymonline.com
c. 1200, clergie “office or dignity of a clergyman,” from two Old French words: 1. clergié“clerics, learned men,” from Medieval Latin clericatus, from Late Latin clericus (see clerk(n.)); 2. clergie “learning, knowledge, erudition,” from clerc, also from Late Latin clericus.
Meaning “persons ordained for religious work, persons consecrated to the duties of public ministration in the Christian church” is from c. 1300. Benefit of clergy (1510s) is the exemption of ecclesiastics from certain criminal processes before secular judges; in England it was first recognized 1274, modified over time, and abolished in 1827.
Discussion/Explanation
I always find it interesting how one word can eventually become multiple in time. The term “clergy” is no different. As can be seen above, we get today’s term from sources that also brought us the word “clerk” which, while similar, has a different context of use.
The definition and history of clergy do a good job of describing what the term means. It is a broad term used to refer to all those in the religious work. Whether they be priests, friars, bishops, pastors, elders, etc., they are part of the ministry and therefore called clergy.
Dictionary.com puts the term in contrast to “laity”. The laity are the worshippers. It includes all those who participate in the services but are not ordained as ministerial servant leaders.
Why Study Koine Greek?
Why would you want to study a particular version (Koine) of Greek that no one speaks anymore?
The straightforward answer is because it is the language in which the New Testament (NT) was written. In addition, there was written a Koine Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint.
Koine (sounds like coin-ay) effectively means common so we have “common” Greek and this was the common tongue in the time of Jesus and the Apostles as well as beyond. Any time you study languages, you will come across the term lingua franca which is used to refer to the common language of a time. For NT times, this was Greek.
- With the above in mind, you have to study Koine Greek if you want to be able to read the NT in its original language and grasp a deeper understanding of the text.
- What was written in Greek may not have a direct counterpart in English. This is a great reason for the different translation approaches used between the different English translations of the Bible. Read the Greek to get to the source.
- The culture in which the original text written in Greek is different from our own present-day culture. This is important for understanding difficult texts that our present-day culture hates or is confused about. 1 Timothy 2:9-15 is a great example. People have often responded to such a passage by siding with worldly culture and thereby rejecting the Scripture (at least on the target passage), or you get those who read it without seeking to understand the full context and thereby conclude, improperly, to take on abusive, error-filled practices. This point also serves to re-emphasize point 2.
- Revival. Historically, the early church did all its worship in Greek. This became a problem as the western church and the eastern church grew further and further apart. Eventually, the west broke entirely and did things in Latin and the people largely spoke their own native tongue at this point. This brought about a period of spiritual darkness that stuck around until the Reformation. We are in danger of the same sort of spiritual darkening if we fail to continue to seek out the Greek, the original text of the NT Scriptures. Thankfully, we do have many good English translations today, but we wouldn’t have had them without the Greek; if we forget the Greek, we can endanger ourselves to those who would push forward altered translations of the Bible.
- For the one studying Greek (or any language for that matter), their minds become sharpened. As you learn Koine Greek, you come to understand the Scriptures as those did in the times that it was written and beyond. You also become sharper at noticing key details in the text that can have profound implications to its interpretation. For one, this helps to notice what was originally being said in a given text when in the English it may look like something contradictory is being said when compared to another area of Scripture. Such a scenario speaks to the difficulties of translation and emphasizes the benefit of understanding the original language in which it was written.
I’m sure I could make more points but already you can see how each point made easily feeds into the others. Also, many of these reasons to study Greek would also apply to study Hebrew which is the original language of the Old Testament Scriptures. Sure, you could just stick to the Greek Septuagint but that work is a translation of the original Hebrew. Once again, it is good and profitable to get to the original language.
Now, with all that said, I am not trying to say that every Christian must learn Greek, Hebrew, or whatever other languages. I would highly recommend it though. Between Greek and Hebrew, most English speakers will find Greek relatively easier to learn as there are clear similarities between the two languages.
Other languages used in the time of Christ and thereafter include Aramaic and Latin which can also prove useful.
